PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION

223-760-7

CLASSIFICATION

CARBOXYLIC ACID ANHYDRIDES /

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

REFRACTIVE INDEX

APPLICATIONS

4-Chloro-1,8-naphthalic Anhydride is used as an intermediate for dyes and pigments

APPEARANCE

pale brown powder

98.0% min

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ANHYDRIDE

Anhydride is a compound formed by the abstraction of a molecule of water, H₂O, from a substance. The term acid anhydride is restricted sometime to the anhydride formed especially from an acid by dehydration or one that revert to the original substance upon hydration. In case of bimolecular, it can be composed of two molecules of the corresponding acid. The term mixed anhydride is an acid anhydride composed of two different acids. Examples are adenosine triphosphate or an aminoacyl adenylate. The anhydrides of bases are oxides.

Anhydrides of inorganic acids are usually oxides of nonmetallic elements. Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the anhydride of carbonic acid, dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) is the anhydride of nitric acid, sodium oxide is an anhydride of sodium hydroxide, phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅) is the anhydride of phosphoric acid, and sulfur trioxide (SO₃) is the anhydride of sulfuric acid. An acid anhydride forms an acid a base  anhydride forms a base. Sulfur trioxide (acid anhydride) reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (an acid product). Calcium oxide (an base anhydride) reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (a base product).

Organic anhydrides contain the carbonyl group (CO). Organic anhydrides are formed by the condensation of original acids. Lactone, an internal cyclic monoester, is an anhydride derived from the hydroxyl and carboxyl radicals. In organic chemistry, most anhydride compounds are derived from corresponding carboxylic acids. Carboxylic anhydrides, general formula (RCO)₂O, are the dehydration product of two carboxylic acid molecules. The name of carboxylic anhydride is given first from the original acid, followed by the separate word  " anhydride" . [CH₃(CH₂)₂CO]₂O is butanoic anhydride, CH₃COOCOCH₂CH₃ is ethanoic propanoic anhydride (or acetic propionic anhydride). Anhydrides are more reactive than the parent acids. Anhydrides are typically not target molecules, but rather they are used as intermediates for the synthesis of other organic members such as esters and amides for the industrial applications include dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, plastics, fibers, curing agents, plasticizers and many others. The reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives are in order of acyl halides > anhydrides > > esters ¡Ö acids > > amides.   Anhydrides react with alcohols to form esters acetic anhydride [(CH₃CO)₂O] reacts with ethanol (C₂H₅OH) to form ethyl acetate (CH₃COOC₂H₅) used as a common solvent. Anhydrides also react with ammonia and primary or secondary amines to form amides. Anhydrides react with water to form their corresponding acids.